Dictionaries usually give only brief treatment to etymologies and even etymological dictionaries often do not lavish on them the attention which many deserve. To help fill the gap, the author deals in depth with several etymologically problematic words in various Germanic, Jewish, Romance, and Slavic languages, all of which have hitherto either been misetymologized or not etymologized at all. Sometimes, he succeeds in cracking the nut. Sometimes, he is able only to clear away misunderstanding and set the stage for further treatment. Usually, he marshals not only linguistic but also historical and cultural information. Since this book also discusses methodology, it has the makings of an introduction to the science, art, and craft of etymology.
David L. Gold is the founder of the Jewish Name and Family Name File, the Jewish English Archives, and the Association for the Study of Jewish Languages, as well as the editor of Jewish Language Review and Jewish Linguistic Studies.
- STUDIES IN ETYMOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY
- COVER
- TITLE PAGE
- COPYRIGHT PAGE
- CONTENTS
- EDITORS’ FOREWORD
- AUTHOR’S INTRODUCTION
- 1. THE ALLEGED RUSSIAN ORIGIN OF FRENCH BISTRO ~ BISTROT ‘WINE MERCHANT; PUBLIC HOUSE’ VERSUS ITS PROBABLE ULTIMATE ORIGIN IN VULGAR LATIN OR GALLOROMANCE (ON THE PERSISTENCE OF A FOLK ETYMOLOGY AND FOLK ETIOLOGY DESPITE THE SUGGESTION OF BETTER ETYMOLOGIES)
- 1. THE RUSSIAN ETYMOLOGICAL AND ETIOLOGICAL TALE
- 2. PROBLEMS WITH THE RUSSIAN TALE
- 3. THE PROPAGATORS OF THE RUSSIAN TALE
- 4. BETTER EXPLANATIONS
- 5. FURTHER DISCUSSION
- 6. OBJECTIONS BY OTHERS
- 2. THE ORIGIN OF CHICANO SPANISH BLANQUILLO ‘TESTICLE’ (ON HOW EMULATED DYOSEMY CAN DEFEAT THE PURPOSE OF AEUPHEMISM)
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. MEXICAN SPANISH BLANQUILLO
- 3. CHICANO SPANISH BLANQUILLO
- 3. THE BRITISH ENGLISH ORIGIN OF INFORMAL ISRAELI HEBREW BRASO
- 4. AMERICAN ENGLISH SLANG COPACETIC ‘FINE, ALL RIGHT’ HAS NO HEBREW, YIDDISH,OR OTHER JEWISH CONNECTION
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. SPELLING
- 3. MEANING
- 4. THE EARLIEST ATTESTATION DISCOVERED SO FAR
- 5. ETYMOLOGY
- 6. ADVICE OF DOUBTFUL EFFICACY TO COMPILERS OF DICTIONARIES
- 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 5. THE AMERICAN ENGLISH SLANGISM FINK PROBABLY HAS NO JEWISH CONNECTION
- 6. DEFINITE AND POSSIBLE ENGLISH REFLEXES OF SPANISH GARBANZO ‘CHICKPEA’
- 7. ORIGINALLY AMERICAN ENGLISH GLITZ,GLITZ UP, AND GLITZY PROBABLY HAVE NO YIDDISH CONNECTION
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. SUGGESTED ETYMOLOGIES NOT INVOLVING YIDDISH
- 3. SUGGESTED ETYMOLOGIES INVOLVING YIDDISH
- 4. A FAMILY OF WORDS WHOSE STAMMVATER IS GLITTERATI?
- 5. CONCLUSION
- 6. DATES IN DICTIONARIES
- REFERENCES
- 8. TOWARDS A DOSSIER ON THE STILL UNCLEAR IMMEDIATE ETYMON(S?) OF AMERICAN ENGLISH SLANG HOOKER‘WHORE’ (WITH REMARKS ON THE ORIGIN OF AMERICAN ENGLISH BARNEGAT, DIXIE, FLY~ VLEI ~ VLEY ~ VLAIE ~ VLY, GRAMERCY PARK,HELL GATE, JAZZ, SLOUGHTER, AND SPUYTEN DUYVIL)
- 1. < HOOKER ‘NATIVE AND/OR RESIDENT OF CORLEAR’S HOOK’?
- 2. EARLIEST KNOWN USE: 25 SEPTEMBER 1835
- 3. HOOKER ‘WHORE’ PREDATES HOOKER’S DIVISION
- 4. LITERALLY ‘PERSON WHO HOOKS [HER CLIENTS]’?
- 5. HOOKERS OF MEAT (= MEN’S BODIES)?
- 6. LITERALLY ‘WOMAN WHO HOOKS ARMS WITH HER CLIENTS’?
- 7. < LOCAL BRITISH ENGLISH HOOKER ‘PERSON WHO STANDS OUTSIDE A MERCHANT’S HOUSE TO INVITE CUSTOMERS TO COME IN’?
- 8. < HOOKER ‘ANY OLD-FASHIONED OR CLUMSY VESSEL’?
- 9. RELATED TO DUTCH HEUKER ‘HAWKER’ OR GERMAN HÖKER ‘HAWKER’?
- 10. RELATED TO ENGLISH HUCKSTER?
- 11. BASED ON AMERICAN ENGLISH ON ONE’S OWN HOOK?
- 12. < BRITISH ENGLISH SLANG HOOKER ‘THIEF’?
- 13. AN ALLUSION TO THE HOOK (A DISTRICT OF FELLS POINT, BALTIMORE)?
- 14. UNRELATED ITEMS
- 15. OF MORE THAN ONE IMMEDIATE ORIGIN?
- 16. MISCELLANEOUS
- APPENDIX 1
- APPENDIX 2
- APPENDIX 3
- REFERENCES
- 9. AMERICAN ENGLISH JITNEY ‘FIVE-CENTCOIN; SUM OF FIVE CENTS’ HAS NO APPARENT JEWISH OR RUSSIAN CONNECTION AND MAY COME FROM (BLACK?) LOUISIANA FRENCHJETNÉE (ON THE INCREASING DIFFICULTY OF HARVESTING ALL THE GRAIN)
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. THE NAMES FOR JITNEYS IN SOME OTHER LANGUAGES
- 3. A CLOSER LOOK AT OUR PROBLEMATIC ENGLISH WORD
- 4. YIDDISH AND RUSSIAN SEEM TO OFFER NO POSSIBLE ETYMONS
- 5. A FRENCH ORIGIN FOR OUR PROBLEMATIC WORD?
- 6. A MISUNDERSTOOD ARTICLE ON NICKNAMES FOR VEHICLES IN GUADELOUPEFRENCH
- 7. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
- 8. PROVISIONAL SUMMARY AND FURTHER THOUGHTS
- 9. (BLACK?) LOUISIANA FRENCH JETNÉE
- 10. PLAYING DEVIL’S ADVOCATE WITH OURSELVES
- 11. CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 10. ETYMOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY IN THE STUDY OF EPONYMOUS LEXEMES: THE CASE OF ENGLISH MOLOTOV COCKTAIL AND FINNISH MOLOTOVIN KOKTAILI
- 0. INTRODUCTION
- 1. NEW EVIDENCE
- 2. THE WINTER WAR
- 3. ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR OF THE HYPOTHESIS THAT A TERM MEANING ‘MOLOTOV COCKTAIL’ AROSE IN FINNISH FIRST
- 4. A SUGGESTED SCENARIO
- 5. AN OBJECTION
- 6. SO FAR AS WE KNOW, THE FIRST MOLOTOV COCKTAILS WERE MADE IN NEW YORK CITY ON 14 JULY 1863
- 7. SUMMARY
- 8. FURTHER RESEARCH
- 9. CONCLUSION
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- 11. NINE CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE LIKELIHOOD OF YIDDISH INFLUENCE ON ENGLISH (WITH EXAMPLES)
- 12. ENGLISH PAPARAZZO < ITALIAN PAPARAZZO= COMMONIZATION OF THE LABEL NAME PAPARAZZO (IN FEDERICO FELLINI’S LA DOLCE VITA) < ?
- 13. NEW YORK CITY ENGLISH PARKY ‘PARK-KEEPER’ IS PROBABLY A SPONTANEOUS COINAGE RATHER THAN A BORROWING FROM BRITISH ENGLISH
- 14. WHEN CHAUVINISM INTERFERES IN ETYMOLOGICAL RESEARCH: A FEW OBSERVATIONS ON THE SUPPOSED VULGAR LATIN DERIVATION OF RUMANIAN PASTRAM{~ P{STRAM{, A NOUN OF IMMEDIATE TURKISH ORIGIN (WITH PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON RELATED WORDS IN ALBANIAN, ARABIC,ARMENIAN, ENGLISH, FRENCH, GREEK,HEBREW, JUDEZMO, POLISH, RUSSIAN,SERBOCROATIAN, SPANISH, TURKISH,UKRAINIAN, AND YIDDISH)
- 1. CHAUVINISM IN LINGUISTICS
- 2. A FAMILY OF WORDS IN ALBANIAN, ARABIC, ARMENIAN, ENGLISH, FRENCH,GREEK, HEBREW, JUDEZMO, FRENCH, POLISH, RUMANIAN, RUSSIAN,SERBOCROATIAN, SPANISH, TURKISH, UKRAINIAN, AND YIDDISH
- 3. RECONSTRUCTING MORE OF THE FAMILY TREE
- 4. WHAT OTHERS HAVE SAID ABOUT THE WORDS
- 5. WHAT OTHERS HAVE SAID ABOUT THE MEATS
- 6. CONCLUSIONS
- 15. AN IMMEDIATE OR NON-IMMEDIATEJEWISH CONNECTION FOR DUTCH POEHA AND VARIANTS (> AFRIKAANS BOHAAI >SOUTH AFRICAN ENGLISH BOHAAI), FRENCHBROUHAHA (> ENGLISH BROUHAHA), FRENCHBROU, BROU, HA, HA, BROU, HA, HA, HIGHGERMAN BUHAI AND VARIANTS, LOW GERMANBUHÊ AND VARIANTS, OR MODERN WESTFRISIAN BAHEY AND VARIANTS HAS NOT BEEN PROVEN (WITH REMARKS ON THE JEWISHITALIAN OR LITURGICAL HEBREW ORIGIN OFAREZZO DIALECTAL BARRUCCABA AND THELITURGICAL HEBREW ORIGIN OF ITALIAN BADANAI)
- A. THE EARLIEST ATTESTATIONS OF FRENCH BROU, BROU, HA, HA, BROU, HA, HAAND BROUHAHA
- B. SUGGESTED ETYMOLOGIES
- C. OCCURRENCES OF B~RÛK HAB~ IN HEBREW
- D. AREZZO DIALECT BARRUCCABA AND ITALIAN BADANAI ~ BADANANAI
- E. DELIBERATE ALTERATION IN THE COINING OF SLANGISMS AND IN CREATIVE WORKS
- F. MORE COMMENTS ON THE SUGGESTIONS IN SECTION B
- G. DUTCH, HIGH GERMAN, LOW GERMAN, AND MODERN WEST FRISIAN WORDS
- H. AFRIKAANS AND SOUTH AFRICAN ENGLISH
- I. A NEW SUGGESTION FOR FRENCH BROU, BROU, HA, HA, BROU, HA, HA:INCANTATIONAL GIBBERISH?
- J. WILLIAM SAFIRE ON ENGLISH BROUHAHA AND FRENCH BROUHAHA
- K. SUMMARY
- L. WHERE TO GO FROM HERE
- M. APPENDIX OF WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS IN NON-JEWISH LANGUAGES REFERRING TO THE SUPPOSED NOISINESS OF JEWS
- REFERENCES
- 16. MEXICAN SPANISH SARAPE ~ ZARAPE (>AMERICAN ENGLISH SARAPE ~ SERAPE ~ZARAPE AND FRENCH SARAPÉ ~ SÉRAPÉ),A WORD POSSIBLY FROM TARASCAN/'CHARAKWA/, PROBABLY HAS NO JEWISH ORIRANIAN CONNECTION
- 1. AMERICAN ENGLISH SARAPE ~ SERAPE ~ ZARAPE
- 2. THE POSSIBLE TARASCAN ORIGIN OF MEXICAN SPANISH SARAPE ~ ZARAPE
- 3. EVIDENCE AGAINST HILL’S IRANIAN SUGGESTION
- 4. THE APPROXIMATE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF CRYPTO-JEWS IN MAINLAND NEW SPAIN
- 5. THE TARASCAN SUGGESTION VIEWED CHRONOLOGICALLY AND SPATIALLY
- 6. EXCURSUS ON STEINER 1981 AND 1983 AND SANTAMARÍA 1959, 1974, AND 1978
- 7. MORE QUOTATIONS
- 8. MORE DEAD ENDS
- 9. HAS SPANISH EVER HAD *SERAPE OR *ZERAPE?
- 10. SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 17. IS SLANG AMERICAN ENGLISH SCHNOOK~ SHNOOK ‘PITIFULLY MEEK PERSON’ FROM INFORMAL HIGH GERMAN SCHNUCK’ ‘A KINDOF SMALL SHEEP’, NORTHEASTERN YIDDISHSHNUK ‘[ELEPHANT’S] TRUNK; SNOUT [OFOTHER ANIMALS]’, OR PLATTDEUTSCH SCHNÜCK ‘SNAIL’?
- A. INTRODUCTION
- B. ANALYSIS
- C. DATES
- D. NORTHEASTERN YIDDISH SNUK ~ SHNUK
- D. NORTHEASTERN YIDDISH SNUK ~ SHNUK
- E. MORE ATTESTATIONS OF THE ENGLISH WORD
- F. QUESTIONS
- G. CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 18. WHENCE AMERICAN ENGLISH SCROD AND GRIMSBY ENGLISH SCROB?
- 19. DOES AMERICAN ENGLISH SHACK ‘SHANTY’COME FROM ONE OR MORE UTO-AZTECAN LANGUAGES OF THE AMERICAN PLAINS?
- 1. THE PROBLEM
- 2. A POSSIBLE SOLUTION
- 20. THE ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH SPIEL AND SPIELER AND SCOTS ENGLISH BONSPIEL
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. STATEMENTS THAT YIDDISH IS RELEVANT
- 3. THE MEANINGS OF THE WORDS, THE DATES OF EARLIEST KNOWN USES, THE PLACES OF EARLIEST KNOWN USES, AND THE NATURE OF EARLIEST KNOWN USES
- 4. THE SPELLINGS -EE- ~ -EI- AND THE PRONUNCIATION /S/
- 5. SUMMARY
- 6. THE PROBABLE DUTCH ORIGIN OF SCOTS ENGLISH BONSPIEL
- REFERENCES
- 21. ENGLISH STAR CHAMBER HAS NO JEWISH CONNECTION
- 22. WHO CAN DECIPHER (YIDDISH?)*“BASHTEM” AND (YIDDISH?) *“GHOP BAGI”?
- A. “BASHTEM”
- B. “GHOP BAGI”
- REFERENCES
- 23. THE (SOLELY SOUTHEASTERN?) YIDDISHCLOTH NAME TANIKLOT AND THE RARE AMERICAN ENGLISH BAKING TERM POOLISH‘LEAVEN, STARTER, STARTER DOUGH’
- 24. AN INSTANCE OF CONVERGENCE: FRISIAN WITTE AND YIDDISH MIDEYE
- 25. A FEW ENGLISH WORDS SOMETIMES MISATTRIBUTED TO YIDDISH (FINAGLE,FINICAL, FINICK, TOCO, TRANTLE, ANDTRANTLUM); A YIDDISH-ORIGIN ENGLISH WORD MISETYMOLOGIZED FOR ATLEAST SIXTY-SIX YEARS (BOPKES); A MISETYMOLOGIZED YIDDISH PEN NAME(SHMUL NIGER); AND A MISETYMOLOGIZED EASTERN YIDDISH WORD (YAVNE-VEYASNE!)
- 1. ENGLISH FINAGLE
- 2. ENGLISH FINICK AND FINICAL
- 3. ENGLISH TOCO
- 4. ENGLISH TRANTLE AND TRANTLUM
- 5. ORIGINALLY AND STILL LARGELY EASTERN ASHKENAZIC ENGLISH BOPKES
- 6. THE YIDDISH PEN NAME SHMUL NIGER
- 7. EASTERN YIDDISH YAVNE-VEYASNE!
- REFERENCES
- 26. ETYMOLOGICAL AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC NOTES OF CZECH AND JEWISH OR POSSIBLE JEWISH INTEREST (ON CZECH FIZL,FRAJLE, HAJZL, HÍRA, KET’AS, MECHECHE,NABUCHODONOZOR ~ NABUKADNEZAR, PAJZL,PEJZY, ŠMELINA, ŠMELINÁÌ, ŠMOK; YIDDISHDI ALT-NAYE SHUL, PEYEM ~ PEYM; OLOMOUCIN YIDDISH LEXEMES; FRANZ KAFKA’SEARLY LINGUISTIC HISTORY; AND THE INVESTIGATION OF YIDDISH IN BOHEMIA AND MORAVIA)
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. CZECH FIZL
- 3. CZECH HAJZL AND FRAJLE
- 4. CZECH HÍRA AND NABUCHODONOZOR ~ NABUKADNEZAR
- 5. CZECH KEÙAS, ŠMELINÁÍ, AND ŠMELINÁ
- 6. CZECH MECHECHE
- 7. CZECH PAJZL
- 8. CZECH PEJZY
- 9. CZECH ŠMOK
- 10. YIDDISH DI ALT-NAYE SHUL
- 11. YIDDISH LEXEMES REFERRING TO OLOMOUC
- 12. YIDDISH PEYEM ~ PEYM
- 13. FRANZ KAFKA’S EARLY LINGUISTIC HISTORY
- 14. THE INVESTIGATION OF YIDDISH IN BOHEMIA AND MORAVIA
- 15. CONCLUSIONS
- 27. ON THE PROBABLE KENAANIC ORIGIN OF EASTERN YIDDISH ZEYDE ‘GRANDFATHER’ AND BOBE ‘GRANDMOTHER’
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. THE SLAVIC ORIGIN OF ZEYDE
- 3. JEWISH ENGLISH
- 4. THE SOURCES OF BASIC YIDDISH KIN TERMS
- 5. SOME INFORMATION FROM YIDDISH SOUTH OF THE CARPATHIANS
- 7. THE PROBABLE KENAANIC ORIGIN OF BOBE AND THE UKRAINIAN ORIGIN OF BABE
- 8. AFTERTHOUGHTS
- 28. ZINFANDEL: AN AMERICAN ENGLISH GRAPE AND WINE NAME OF IMMEDIATE HUNGARIAN,MORAVIAN CZECH, AND/OR SLOVAK ORIGIN(ON HOW THE ORIGIN OF A SIGNIFICANS NEED NOT BE PARALLEL TO THE ORIGIN OF THE CORRESPONDING SIGNIFICANDUM)
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 1.a. The marked and unmarked cases in etymology
- 1.b. Earlier attempts
- 1.c. Plan of the present article
- 3. SOURCES IN GERMAN GATHERED BY MARGOT DIETRICH
- 4. COLLATION OF THE ENGLISH- AND GERMAN-LANGUAGE MATERIAL
- 5. AN AMERICAN ENGLISH WORD OF IMMEDIATE HUNGARIAN, MORAVIAN CZECH,AND/OR SLOVAK ORIGIN
- REFERENCES
- 2. SOURCES IN ENGLISH
- 29. NOKH A POR DUGMES FUN DER YIDISHER HASHPOE AF IVRIT
- 30. SOME MORE ISRAELI HEBREW ITEMS OF GERMAN ORIGIN
- A. INTRODUCTION
- B. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE NOTE IN JEWISH LINGUISTIC STUDIES
- C. SOME MORE ISRAELI HEBREW ITEMS OF GERMAN ORIGIN
- D. ISRAELI HEBREW FLUGELHOREN < ENGLISH FLUGELHORN
- E. CONCLUSIONS
- 31. JEWISH DICKENSIANA, PART ONE: DESPITE POPULAR BELIEF, THE NAME FAGIN IN CHARLES DICKENS’S OLIVER TWIST HAS NO JEWISH CONNECTION (WITH APPENDIXES ON SOME LAWS CONCERNING PERSONAL NAMES AND ON DICKENS’S AUTHENTIC YIDDISH NAME)
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. THE EAST ASHKENAZIC DEMETRONYMICAL FAMILY NAME FEYGIN
- 2.A. Its Structure and Its Spatial Distribution
- 2.B. Its Probable Temporal Distribution
- 2.C. Its Presumed Social Distribution in the British Isles (in the Assumption, for Argument’s Sake, that It Existed Before May 1837)
- 2.D. The Circumstantial Evidence Presented by the English of Dickens’s Jewish Characters
- 2.E. More Circumstantial Evidence
- 2.F. Provisional Summary
- 3. DICKENS’S STATEMENT ON HOW HE CHOSE FAGIN
- 4. STRONG CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE THAT ROBERT FAGIN WAS A CHRISTIAN AND REMARKS ON THE ORIGIN OF HIS FAMILY NAME
- 5. GEORGE CRUIKSHANK IN ALL LIKELIHOOD PLAYED NO ROLE IN CHOOSING FAGIN
- 6. OTHERS’ TREATMENT OF FAGIN
- 6.A. Robert F. Fleissner’s
- 6.B. David Paroissien’s
- 6.C. Leonard Prager’s
- 6.E. Michael and Lilian Falk’s
- 6.F. A Sixth Explanation: An Anagram of English ganif
- 7. MISCELLANEOUS
- 8. FINAL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- APPENDIX 1
- APPENDIX 2
- REFERENCES
- SUMMARIES
- 1. The Alleged Russian Origin of French bistro ~ bistrot ‘wine merchant;public house’ Versus Its Probable Ultimate Origin in Vulgar Latin or Gallo-Romance (On the Persistence of a Folk Etymology and Folk Etiology Despite the Suggestion of Better Etymologies) (pp. 19-47)
- 2. The Origin of Chicano Spanish blanquillo ‘testicle’ (On How Emulated Dyosemy Can Defeat the Purpose of a Euphemism) (pp. 49-51)
- 3. The British English Origin of Informal Israeli Hebrew braso (pp. 53-55)
- 4. American English Slang copacetic ‘fine, all right’ Has No Hebrew,Yiddish, or Other Jewish Connection (pp. 57-76)
- 5. The American English Slangism fink Probably Has No Jewish Connection (pp. 77-85)
- 6. Definite and Possible English Reflexes of Spanish garbanzo ‘chickpea’(pp. 87-90)
- 7. Originally American English glitz, glitz up, and glitzy Probably Have No Yiddish Connection (pp. 91-103)
- 8. Towards a Dossier on the Still Unclear Immediate Etymon(s?) of American English Slang hooker ‘whore’ (With Remarks on the Origin of American English Barnegat, Dixie, fly ~ vlei ~ vley ~ vlaie ~ vly, GramercyPark, Hell Gate, jazz, sloughter, and Spuyten Duyvil) (pp. 105-162)
- 9. American English jitney ‘five-cent coin; sum of five cents’ Has No Apparent Jewish or Russian Connection and May Come from (Black?)Louisiana French jetnée (On the Increasing Difficulty of Harvesting All the Grain) (pp. 163-192)
- 10. Etymology and Etiology in the Study of Eponymous Lexemes: The Case of English Molotov cocktail and Finnish Molotovin koktaili (pp.193-235)
- 11. Nine Criteria for Assessing the Likelihood of Yiddish Influence on English (With Examples) (pp. 237-255)
- 12. English paparazzo < Italian paparazzo = Commonization of the Label Name Paparazzo (in Federico Fellini’s La Dolce Vita) < ? (pp. 257-266)
- 13. New York City English parky ‘park-keeper’ Is Probably a Spontaneous Coinage Rather than a Borrowing from British English (pp. 267-269)
- 14. When Chauvinism Interferes in Etymological Research: A Few Observations on the Supposed Vulgar Latin Derivation of Rumanian pastramă ~ păstramă, a Noun of Immediate Turkish Origin (With Preliminary Remarks on Related Words in Albanian, Arabic,Armenian, English, French, Greek, Hebrew, Judezmo, Polish, Russian,SerboCroatian, Spanish, Turkish, Ukrainian, and Yiddish) (pp. 271-375)
- 15. An Immediate or Non-Immediate Jewish Connection for Dutch poeha and Variants (> Afrikaans bohaai > South African English bohaai), Frenchbrouhaha (> English brouhaha), French Brou, brou, ha, ha, Brou, ha, ha,High German buhai and Variants, Low German buhê and Variants, or Modern West Frisian bahey and Variants Has Not Been Proven (With Remarks on the Jewish Italian or Liturgical Hebrew Origin of Arezzo Dialectal barruccaba and the Liturgical Hebrew Origin of Italian badanai)(pp. 377-407)
- 16. Mexican Spanish sarape ~ zarape (Whence American English sarape ~serape ~ serapi ~ zarape and French sarapé ~ sérapé), a Word Possibly from Tarascan /’charakwa/, Probably Has No Jewish or Iranian Connection(pp. 409-539)
- 17. Is Slang American English schnook ~ shnook ‘pitifully meek person’ from Informal High German Schnuck’ ‘a kind of small sheep’,Northeastern Yiddish shnuk ‘[elephant’s] trunk; snout [of other animals]’,or Plattduetsch Schnück ‘snail’? (pp. 541-554)
- 18. Whence American English scrod and Grimsby English scrob? (pp.555-558)
- 19. Does American English shack ‘shanty’ Come From One or More Uto-Aztecan Languages of the American Plains? (pp. 559-561)
- 20. The Etymology of English spiel and spieler and Scots English bonspiel(pp. 563-570)
- 21. English Star Chamber Has No Jewish Connection (pp. 571-573)
- 22. Who Can Decipher (Yiddish?) *”bashtem” and (Yiddish?) *”ghopbagi”? (pp. 575-581)
- 23. The (Solely Southeastern?) Yiddish Cloth Name taniklot and the Rare American English Baking Term poolish ‘leaven, starter, starter dough’(pp. 583-585)
- 24. An Instance of Convergence: Frisian witte and Yiddish mideye (pp.587-589)
- 25. A Few English Words Misattributed to Yiddish (finagle, finical,finick, toco, trantle, and trantlum); a Yiddish-Origin English Word Misetymologized for at Least Sixty-One Years (bopkes); a Misetymologized Yiddish Pen Name (shmul niger); and a Misetymologized Eastern Yiddish Word (yavne-veyasne!) (pp. 591-608)
- 26. Etymological and Sociolinguistic Notes of Czech and Jewish or Possible Jewish Interest (On Czech fizl, frajle, hajzl, Híra, ket’as,mecheche, mišuge ~ mišuke, Nabuchodonozor ~ Nabukadnezar, pajzl,pejzy, šmelina, šmelinář, šmok; Yiddish di alt-naye shul, peyem ~ peym;Olomouc in Yiddish Lexemes; Franz Kafka’s Early Linguistic History;and the Investigation of Yiddish in Bo
- 27. On the Probable Kenaanic Origin of Two Eastern Yiddish Kin Terms,zeyde ‘grandfather’ and bobe ‘grandmother’ (pp. 639-668)
- 28. Zinfandel: An American English Grape and Wine Name of Immediate Hungarian, Moravian Czech, and/or Slovak Origin (On How the Origin of a Significans Need Not Be Parallel to the Origin of the Corresponding Significandum) (pp. 669-708)
- 29. Nokh a por dugmes fun der yidisher hashpoe af ivrit (pp. 709-715) (‘A Few More Examples of Yiddish Influence on Israeli Hebrew’)
- 30. Some More Israeli Hebrew Items of German Origin (pp. 717-721)
- 31. Jewish Dickensiana, Part One: Despite Popular Belief, the Name Fagin in Charles Dickens’s Oliver Twist Has No Jewish Connection (With Appendixes on Some Laws Concerning Personal Names and on Dickens’s Authentic Yiddish Name) (pp. 723-857)
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