Sciences which are used to understand the properties and applications of carbons and graphites need to be described, comprehensively, in book format, at an up-to-date and introductory level. This book introduces the reader, comprehensively, to the sciences of structure of carbons, applications of carbon in nuclear energy, the chemistry of pitch carbonization, the spinnig of carbon fibres, carbon gasification reactions and oxidation protection, mechacnical properties, porosity and adsorption in carbons and coals, with chapters describing coal carbonization, coal liquefaction and the petrography of coal. The book serves both as a textbook and as a reference book and as a text for courses within educational institutions, worldwide.
- Cover
- Title page
- Copyright page
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Biographies of Contributors
- Chapter Summaries
- Contents
- Chapter 1. Structure in Carbons and Carbon Artifacts. Xavier Bourrât
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Bonding in Carbons: the Different Allotropes
- 3. Graphitization and Structure by X-ray Diffraction
- 4. Structure of Cokes
- 5. Structure in Carbon Blacks
- 6. Fibre Structures
- 7. Pyrocarbon
- 8. Conclusions
- 9. Glossary of Terms and Symbols
- 10. Acknowledgements
- 11. References
- Chapter 2. New Structures in Carbon-Based Materials. Jaroslav Fiala
- 1. Structural Forms of Carbon
- 2. Fullerene Growth - Kinetics
- 3. Dangling Bonds
- 4. References
- Chapter 3. Carbon Materials for Nuclear Energy Applications. Timothy D. Burchell
- 1. Introduction
- 2 Fission Reactor Applications
- 3. Fusion Reactor Applications
- 4. Neutron Irradiation Effects
- 5. Space Nuclear Applications
- 6. Concluding Remarks
- 7. Acknowledgements
- 8. References
- Chapter 4. Carbon Materials in the Semi-Conductor Industry. Masaaki Kawakami, Koji Kuroda and Isao Mochida
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Requirements of Carbon Materials in Semi-Conductor Manufacture
- 3. Carbon in Silicon Semi-Conductor Manufacture
- 4. Carbons in the Manufacture of Compound Semi- Conductors
- 5. Carbon Artifacts for Semi-Conductor Manufacture
- 6. Purification of Graphite Artifacts
- 7. Future Development in Carbons for Semi-Conductor Manufacture
- 8. References
- Chapter 5. Tar and Pitch: Composition and Application. Rosa Menéndez, Jenaro Bermejo and Ana Figueiras
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Composition of Coal-Tars and Pitches
- 3. Characterization of Tars and Pitches
- 4. Applications of Tars and Pitches
- 5. Future Trends
- 6. References
- Chapter 6. Chemistry and Properties of Coal-Tar and Petroleum Pitch. Maximilian Zander
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Composition of Pitches
- 3. Characterization of Pitches
- 4. Chemistry of Pitches
- 5. References
- Chapter 7. Mesophase Pitch from Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Isao Mochida, Seong-Ho Yoon, Yozo Korai, Koichi Kanno, Yukio Sakai and Makoto Komatsu
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Synthetic Procedures of Mesophase Pitches
- 3. Commercial Preparation of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derived Mesophase Pitch
- 4. Structure of Mesophase Pitch
- 5. General and Carbonization Properties of Mesophase Pitches
- 6. Properties of Mesophase Pitch as a Liquid Crystal
- 7. Spinning Characteristics of Mesophase Pitch
- 8. Thermal Stability and Oxidation Reactivity of Mesophase Pitches and their Derived Fibers
- 9. Applications of Mesophase Pitches
- 10. References
- Chapter 8. Carbon Fibers and Active Carbon Fibers. Seong-Ho Yoon, Yozo Korai and Isao Mochida
- 1. Introduction
- 2. History of Carbon Fibers
- 3. Production of Carbon Fibers
- 4. Properties of Carbon Fibers
- 5. Correlations of Structure with Properties of Carbon Fibers
- 6. Synthesis of Precursors
- 7. Properties of Precursors and their Spinning
- 8. Stabilization
- 9. Carbonization and Graphitization
- 10. Applications of Carbon Fibers
- 11. Active Carbon Fibers
- 12. Conclusions
- 13. References
- Chapter 9. Spinning of Carbon Fiber Precursors. Dan D. Edie, John J. McHugh and James A. Newell
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Wet Spinning of PAN
- 3. Spinning of High-Performance Polymers
- 4. Melt-Spinning of Mesophase Pitch
- 5. Fiber Heat Treatment
- 6. Summary
- 7. References
- Chapter 10. Physical Adsorption and Porosity in Carbons. Harry Marsh and María-Antonia Diez Díaz-Estébanez
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Adsorbents and Adsorbates
- 3. The Adsorption Process
- 4. Measuring Extents of Adsorption
- 5. Definitions: Adsorption Data
- 6. Interpretations of Adsorption Data
- 7. Surface Areas: Fact or Fiction
- 8. Porosity: What is it?
- 9. References
- 10. Further Reading
- Chapter 11. Carbon Gasification Reactions. Jacob A. Moulijn and Freek Kapteijn
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Towards a Unified Theory
- 3. Alkali Metal Catalysts
- 4. Reactivity versus Burn-Off
- 5. Results from Transient Kinetic Studies
- 6. Unified Mechanism
- 7. Conclusions
- 8. References
- Chapter 12. Oxidation Protection of Carbon Materials. Douglas W. McKee
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Principles of Oxidation Protection
- 3. Conclusions
- 4. References
- Chapter 13. Chemi-Sorption Processes on Carbons. Wesley P. Hoffman
- 1. Adsorption Processes
- 2. Chemisorption on Solids
- 3.Chemisorption on Carbon
- 4. Conclusions
- 5. References
- Chapter 14. Mechanical Properties of Carbon Materials. Robert H. Bradley
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Mechanical Properties of Materials
- 3. Carbon Materials
- 4. Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials
- 5. Effects of Porosity on Mechanical Strength
- 6. References
- Chapter 15. Coal Combustion. David E. Clarke
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Fundamentals of Pf Combustion in Utility Power Generation
- 3. Assessment of Coal Quality
- 4. Coal Properties, Combustion Performance and Impact on Plant Operation
- 5. Modelling of Coal Quality Effects on Plant Performance
- 6. Conclusions
- 7. Acknowledgements
- 8. Further Reading
- Chapter 16. Coal Petrography and Reflectance Microscopy. Isabel Suárez-Ruiz
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Coal Composition
- 3. Petrographic Methods
- 4. Applications of Coal Petrography
- 5. References
- Chapter 17. Porosity in Coals. María-Antonia Diez Díaz-Estébanez and Harry Marsh
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Coal Origins
- 3. Coalification
- 4. Coal - A Macromolecular System
- 5. Coal as an Adsorbent
- 6. Coalbed Methane
- 7. The Generation of Molecules of Water and Methane within Coal
- 8. References and Further Reading
- Chapter 18. Chemistry of Production of Metallurgical Coke. Ramón Alvarez and María-Antonia Diez Díaz-Estébanez
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The Coking Process
- 3. Physical and Chemical Aspects of the Coking Process
- 4. Criteria for Coking Coals and Coal Blending
- 5. Coke Quality
- 6. Coke Quality Prediction
- 7. Coking Pressure
- 8. Coke Dry Quenching
- 9. Developments in Modern Coking Practice and Future Technology
- 10. References
- Chapter 19. Catalysis of Coal Liquefaction. Isao Mochida, D. Duayne Whitehurst, and Kinya Sakanishi
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Fundamental Chemical and Catalytic Transformations During Coal Liquefaction
- 3. Stages of Coal Liquefaction
- 4. Key Reactions in Coal Liquefaction
- 5. Catalysts in the Liquefaction
- 6. Mechanisms of Catalytic Reactions Involved in Coal Liquefaction
- 7. The Roles of Solvent and Catalyst in the Primary Stages
- 8. Catalytic Upgrading of Crude Coal Liquids in the Secondary Stage
- 9. References
- Unit conversions
- Subject index
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